Neutralization - Equine Research Bank | Mad Barn USA (2024)

Short communication: Retrospective analysis of obligatory testing results for Equine virus arteritis reveals a decrease of its seroprevalence in stallions used for artificial insemination.

Kaps M, Wenderoth J, Aurich J, Aurich C.Equine viral arteritis (EVA) can induce a persistent carrier state in stallions which then shed the virus via sem*n. About 30 years ago, obligatory EVA testing of stallions used for artificial insemination (AI) was implemented in the European Union. Information on the efficacy of these regulations on the prevalence of EVA in stallions are not yet available. Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed results of serological and virus antigen testing for EVA in sires of different age and breed referred to Vetmeduni Vienna for sem*n preservation or veterinary diagnostic procedures between 2001 and 202...

Severe Neurologic Disease in a Horse Caused by Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus, Austria, 2021.

Viruses September 29, 2023 Volume 15, Issue 102022doi: 10.3390/v15102022

de Heus P, Bagu00f3 Z, Weidinger P, Lale D, Trachsel DS, Revilla-Fernu00e1ndez S, Matiasek K, Nowotny N.As evidenced by sero-epidemiological studies, infections of horses with the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) occur frequently in TBEV-endemic areas. However, there are only very few reports of clinical cases. A possible underreporting may be due to a variety of diagnostic challenges. In this study, ELISA and neutralization tests were applied to serum samples. Brain tissue samples were investigated for the presence of nucleic acids of TBEV, , Borna disease virus 1, West Nile and Usutu viruses, rustrela virus, as well as Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses with RT-qP...

Immunoprofiling of Equine Plasma against Deinagkistrodon acutus in Taiwan: Key to Understanding Differential Neutralization Potency in Immunized Horses.

Wu CJ, Liaw GW, Chen CK, Ouyang CH, Yang YX, Chu LC, Hsiao YC, Liu CH, Hsieh WC, Wang CY, Liou YS, Liu CC, Hsieh CH.Snakebite envenoming is a public health issue linked to high mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. Although antivenom has been the mainstay treatment for envenomed victims receiving medical care, the diverse therapeutic efficacy of the produced antivenom is a major limitation. is a venomous snake that poses significant concern of risks to human life in Taiwan, and successful production of antivenom against envenoming remains a considerable challenge. Among groups of horses subjected to immunization schedules, few or none subsequently meet the quality required for further scale-up harvesti...

A Serosurvey of Flavivirus Infection in Horses and Birds in Slovakia.

Csank T, Drzewniokovu00e1 P, Korytu00e1r u013d, Major P, Gyuranecz M, Pistl J, Bakonyi T.In central Europe, at least three flaviviruses circulate among vectors and vertebrate hosts. West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are mosquito-borne viruses maintained in the nature by enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and birds. Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a flavivirus causing annual human cases in Slovakia. The aim of this study is the prevalence assessment of flavivirus infections in horses (n = 145) and birds (n = 109) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirmation by neutralization test (VNT). WNV antibodies have been detected in 11.7% of tested ...

Amino acid mutations in the env gp90 protein that modify N-linked glycosylation of the Chinese EIAV vaccine strain enhance resistance to neutralizing antibodies.

Viral immunology October 5, 2010 Volume 23, Issue 5531-539doi: 10.1089/vim.2009.0006

Han X, Zou J, Wang X, Guo W, Huo G, Shen R, Xiang W.The Chinese EIAV vaccine is an attenuated live-virus vaccine obtained by serial passage of a virulent horse isolate (EIAV(L)) in donkeys (EIAV(D)), and subsequently in donkey cells in vitro. In this study, we compare the env gene of the original horse virulent virus (EIAV(L)) with attenuated strains serially passaged in donkey MDM (EIAV(DLV)), and donkey dermal cells (EIAV(FDDV)). Genetic comparisons among parental and attenuated strains found that vaccine strains contained amino acid substitutions/deletions in gp90 that resulted in a loss of three potential N-linked glycosylation sites, desig...

Neutralization of Bothrops mattogrossensis snake venom from Bolivia: experimental evaluation of llama and donkey antivenoms produced by caprylic acid precipitation.

Fernu00e1ndez GP, Segura A, Herrera M, Velasco W, Solano G, Gutiu00e9rrez JM, Leu00f3n G.Polyspecific bothropic/crotalic and bothropic/lachesic antivenoms were produced in Bolivia by immunizing two donkeys with the venoms of Bothrops mattogrossensis and Crotalus durissus terrificus and one llama with the venoms of B. mattogrossensis and Lachesis muta. These antivenoms are currently being used for snakebite envenomation in Bolivia. The rationale for using these animals is that donkeys and llamas are better adapted than horses to the high altitudes in South America and constitute good alternatives for antivenom production in these regions. Plasma was fractionated by caprylic acid pr...

Characterization of the neutralization determinants of equine arteritis virus using recombinant chimeric viruses and site-specific mutagenesis of an infectious cDNA clone.

Virology March 31, 2004 Volume 321, Issue 2235-246doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.12.015

Balasuriya UB, Dobbe JC, Heidner HW, Smalley VL, Navarrette A, Snijder EJ, MacLachlan NJ.We have used an infectious cDNA clone of equine arteritis virus (EAV) and reverse genetics technology to further characterize the neutralization determinants in the GP5 envelope glycoprotein of the virus. We generated a panel of 20 recombinant viruses, including 10 chimeric viruses that each contained the ORF5 (which encodes GP5) of different laboratory, field, and vaccine strains of EAV, a chimeric virus containing the N-terminal ectodomain of GP5 of a European strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and 9 mutant viruses with site-specific substitutions in their GP5 pro...

Comparative measurement of equine influenza virus antibodies in horse sera by single radial hemolysis, neutralization, and hemagglutination inhibition tests.

Yamagishi H, Nagamine T, Shimoda K, Ide S, Igarashi Y, Yoshioka I, Matumoto M.Single radial hemolysis (SRH), neutralization (NT), and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests were carried out on sera from horses immunized against the Prague and Miami strains of equine influenza virus. The HI and NT tests demonstrated good sensitivity; the sensitivity of the SRH test was somewhat lower. The NT titers of individual sera were correlated very closely with the HI titers, although the NT titers were higher. SRH zone diameters of individual sera also showed significant correlation with the NT and NI titers. The SRH test appears to be suitable for large-scale serological surveys ...

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: horse virulence of P-676 and MF-8 small and minute plaques.

Justines G, Oro G, Alvarez O.The P-676 and MF-8 epizootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus were found to contain a minute plaque (MP), different from the predominant small plaque (SP) present in these virus strains. The MP and SP were stable after passages in Vero cells, mice, or horses. Equines were inoculated with the SP or MP of the P-676 and MF-8 strains. Inoculation of either P-676 SP or MP into horses induced high fever and viremia but no signs of encephalitis or death. Four horses infected with MF-8 SP became very ill, with high fever and viremia; three of the inoculated animals died. Four hors...

Antibodies to snowshoe hare virus of the California group in the horse population in Nova Scotia.

McFarlane BL, Embree JE, Embil JA, Rozee KR, Weste JB, Artsob H, Spence L.A large number of North American equine samples were tested for the California group of arboviruses (CAL). Of 861 equine sera tested by hemagglutination inhibition using the snowshoe hare virus as an antigen, 106 (12.3%) were positive. Neutralization tests confirmed antibodies to this virus in 72 of the positive sera. This study provides evidence of CAL activity in the domestic animal population of Nova Scotia.